Effects of exotic plant invasion on soil nitrogen availability

外来植物入侵对土壤氮循环和氮有效性的影响是入侵成功或进一步加剧的重要原因。通过对比相同研究地点入侵区域和无入侵区域的土壤原位氮状态差异, 探讨了外来植物入侵对土壤氮有效性的影响程度和生理生态学机制。基于107篇相关研究文献数据的整合, 发现植物入侵区域相对于无入侵区域土壤总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、无机氮、微生物生物量氮含量显著增加, 增幅分别为(50 ± 14)%、(60 ± 24)%、(470 ± 115)%、(69 ± 25)%、(54 ± 20)%。土壤硝态氮含量增幅较大反映硝化作用增强, 这可能增加入侵植物硝态氮利用以及喜硝植物的共存。温带地区植物入侵后土壤的硝态氮含量增幅显著高于亚热带地区。固氮植物入侵后土壤的总氮和无机氮含量增幅均显著高于非固氮植物入侵。木本和常绿植物入侵后土壤的总氮含量增幅分别高于草本和落叶植物入侵; 而土壤铵态氮含量的增幅没有显著差异且与固氮入侵植物占比无明显关系; 然而硝态氮含量的增幅普遍较高且与固氮入侵植物占比显著正相关。外来入侵植物固氮功能以及凋落物质量和数量是影响土壤氮矿化和硝化过程的关键因素。该研究为理解外来植物入侵成功和加剧的机制以及入侵植物功能性状与土壤氮动态之间的关系提供了新的见解。     

微生物菌剂对楸树幼苗生长及根际土细菌群落结构的影响

为探究球毛壳ND35微生物菌剂对楸树幼苗生长及土壤肥力的作用机制，本研究楸树幼苗为研究对象，采用室内盆栽试验，设计0（CK），10（T1），15（T2），20（T3）4种微生物菌剂施用量，测定幼苗生长情况、土壤微生物组成结构、土壤酶和土壤养分等特征。研究结果如下：（1）球毛壳ND35微生物菌剂可显著促进楸树幼苗的生长，株高、地径、地上及地下生物量显著提高（P<0.05），T2处理下促生效果最好。（2）施用球毛壳ND35微生物菌剂可显著提高土壤中有机质、硝态氮、铵态氮含量及脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性（P<0.05）。（3）球毛壳ND35微生物菌剂可显著影响土壤细菌群落组成，提高细菌群落的丰富度和多样性，使土壤中β-变形菌纲（Betaproteobacteria）、γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）的相对丰度显著下降，α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）、δ-变形菌纲（Deltaproteobacteria）的相对丰度呈显著提高，可使土壤中鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）的相对丰度显著提高21.88%-103.56%（P<0.05），芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）的相对丰度提高66.28%-65.97%（P<0.05），酸杆菌属（Acidibacter）的相对丰度提高12.76%-38.06%。（4）冗余分析（RDA）结果表明，土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、有机质是影响土壤细菌群落分布和多样性的重要环境因子，土壤细菌群落结构的改变会显著影响土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶的活性。因此，施用球毛壳ND35微生物菌剂可通过影响植物根际土壤的化学性质及生物性质，促进楸树幼苗的生长。这一研究结果为楸树繁育提供了新的指导方向，亦为将其用于困难立地及退化生态系统植被恢复提供基础理论指导。     

The effect of soil aggregate size on early growth and shoot-root ratio of maize (Zea mays L.)

Shoot dry mass and leaf area of 16-d old maize plants decreased as soil aggregate size in greenhouse pots increased in diameter from 0.075–0.5 to 4–8 mm. Root length was also much greater on the finer aggregate beds, due primarily to increased growth of second-order laterals. In a subsequent experiment in which shoot dry matter again decreased with increasing aggregate size, it was found that a similar change in root morphology as noted in experiment I resulted in increased root dry mass as aggregate size increased. The associated change in shoot-root ratio was significant eight days after emergence. This change was due to a change in allocation of fixed carbon rather than allocation of seed reserves. Neither transpiration rate per unit leaf area, nor net assimilation rate were affected by aggregate size. Likewise nutrition could not account for the differences in shoot or root growth.     

植被类型变化对土壤微生物碳利用效率的影响研究进展

植被类型变化强烈影响着土壤碳循环。土壤微生物碳利用效率（CUE）是微生物将从环境中获取的碳分配给自身生长的比例，是土壤碳循环的综合指标。研究植被类型变化对CUE的影响有助于从微生物视角理解该过程中的土壤碳动态，可以为评估植被类型变化对土壤质量及生态系统碳循环的影响提供基础，具有重要的理论及实际价值。通过系统查阅相关文献，综述了植被类型变化导致的CUE变化情况，以及该过程中影响CUE的因子与机制。目前，相关研究主要涉及以林地、草地和农业用地为起点或终点的植被变化类型。天然林（原生林、次生林）变化为人工林、林地变化为草地后CUE普遍下降，随终点植被的发展CUE可能恢复至起点水平。植被成熟度越高，发生转变时CUE变化越剧烈。植被类型变化以农业用地为起点或终点时，CUE变化方向的不确定性及幅度的变异性均增加。植被类型变化导致的CUE变化主要受到植被、土壤、微生物因子及其交互作用的驱动，指示CUE的指标、采样季节和土层也会一定程度上影响CUE的变化。今后相关研究应采用直接的CUE测定方法，拓宽研究气候区及植被变化类型，关注植被变化过程中CUE变化的土层差异及动态监测，深入对植被类型变化导致的生态环境因子变化与CUE的关系及作用机制的研究。     

模拟穿透雨减少对锐齿栎(Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata)树干液流密度的影响

降水格局变化是全球气候变化的重要特征之一,未来气候变化下,较为频繁和严峻的干旱将威胁地球中纬度部分地区的森林,但森林植被如何响应季节性干旱胁迫及其机制尚不清楚。北亚热带-暖温带过渡区分布着以锐齿栎(Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata)为优势树种的落叶阔叶林,研究其水分蒸腾代谢过程对干旱的响应是评估气候变化对过渡区天然落叶阔叶林生态系统水碳影响的关键科学问题。在典型的锐齿栎天然林中通过开展模拟穿透雨减少大型野外实验,采用Granier热扩散式探针技术监测锐齿栎树干液流密度的动态变化,研究了不同径级锐齿栎树干液流密度对模拟干旱的响应规律。结果表明:(1)穿透雨减少对树干液流密度的影响呈现季节变异。在7月份,林内穿透雨减少显著降低了锐齿栎的树干液流密度,但生长季后期的10月份林内穿透雨减少反而使锐齿栎树干液流密度显著升高。(2)不同径级的锐齿栎树干液流密度在生长季内对干旱有不同的响应,特别是小径级的树干液流密度与其他径级有较多的不同。小径级的锐齿栎树干液流密度在5、7月份表现为减雨样地显著小于对照样地,在9、10月份则表现为减雨样地显著大于对照样地。中径级的锐齿栎树干液流密度在5、10月份表现为减雨样地显著大于对照样地,在7月份则表现为减雨样地极显著小于对照样地。大径级的锐齿栎树干液流密度在6、7月份表现为减雨样地显著小于对照样地,在10月份则表现为减雨样地显著大于对照样地。     

Invertebrate seedbanks: rehydration of soil from an unregulated river floodplain in the south-eastern U.S.

1. We investigated the responsiveness of aquatic invertebrates to rehydration of floodplain soil in a south‐eastern U.S. river floodplain. Non‐inundated soil divots containing invertebrate seedbanks were collected from three floodplain elevations with different inundation histories (inundated for 2, 38, and 78% of a year), and subjected to rehydration (experimental inundation) in aquaria for 10 weeks. 2. Before rehydration, samples were collected to assess the initial density and composition of invertebrates in non‐inundated soil at each elevation. After rehydration, benthic samples were collected biweekly and emergence of aquatic insects was collected weekly from aquaria. 3. The surviving invertebrates were classified as aquatic, semi‐aquatic and terrestrial. Some aquatic invertebrates survived the non‐inundated period in an active state (e.g. Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae), while others appeared to be dormant (e.g. Heptageniidae, microcrustaceans and Chironomidae). The response for several invertebrates (e.g. Chironominae, Oligochaeta, Collembola and terrestrial invertebrates) depended on the length of rehydration and inundation history. 4. The capacity of aquatic invertebrates to survive and recover was greatest at the most frequently inundated site. Despite variation in floodplain environments, both active and dormant invertebrates persisting in non‐inundated floodplain soil contributed to the floodplain assemblage during flooding. Thus, maintaining the connection between river and floodplain appears to be important in sustaining the invertebrate seedbank and its capacity to recover during inundation. River channelisation and regulation that severs this connection may result in a loss of diversity and abundance.     

Use of textile waste water along with liquid NPK fertilizer for production of wheat on saline sodic soils

A field experiment in collaboration with a private textile industry (Noor Fatima Fabrics Private (Ltd.), Faisalabad) was conducted to evaluate the effect of disposed water from bleaching unit, printing unit and end drain for improving growth and yield of wheat under saline sodic soil. Textile waste water along with canal water (control) was applied with and without liquid NPK fertilizer. The application of liquid NPK fertilizer with end drain waste water increased plant height, spike length, flag leaf length, root length, number of tillers (m^?2), number of fertile tillers (m^?2), 1000 grain weight, grain yield, straw yield and biological yield up to 21, 20, 20, 44, 17, 20, 14, 44, 40 and 41%, respectively compared to canal water (control). Similarly, the NPK uptake in grain was increased up to 15, 30 and 28%, respectively by liquid fertilizer treated end drain water as compare to canal water with liquid fertilizer. Moreover, concentration of different heavy metals particularly Cu, Cr, Pb and Cd was decreased in grains by application of waste water along with liquid NPK. The result may imply that waste water application along with liquid-NPK could be a novel approach for improving growth and yield of wheat in saline sodic soils.